Urology and Nephrology Practice Test

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• Which prefix means semen?
• Which term denotes a stone formed within an organ?
• What is the maximum Gleason score achievable?
• For hyperkalemia with ECG changes in CKD, what is the first-line management step?
• Which term describes artificial means to remove waste from the body by infusing a warm, balanced solution into the peritoneal cavity?
• Which combining form means 'glans penis'?
• Which prefix denotes sperm?
• What is the preferred initial imaging modality for evaluating hydronephrosis in pregnancy?
• Which combination of tests is typically used to assess bladder outlet obstruction in men with LUTS?
• Which root means 'genitals'?
• The combining form hem/o refers to which bodily substance?
• In yolk sac tumors, which marker is elevated?
• Undescended testes are best described as
• Which root means 'bacteria'?
• Pus is denoted by which combining form?
• Which term refers to a blood test to determine kidney function by measuring the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood?
• Olig/o refers to which characteristic?
• What is the initial definitive treatment for most testicular cancers?
• The combining form lith/o denotes which structure?
• Urinary catheterization is the insertion of a flexible tube into the bladder through the
• Which combining form means 'kidney'?
• Which term describes a bacterial sexually transmitted disease causing inflammation of the urethra in males or cervix in females with purulent discharge?
• HoLEP is particularly advantageous because it provides enucleation with complete tissue removal and is able to treat very large glands.
• In a urine culture, bacteria are typically grown in what to identify the organism?
• Narrowing of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis is called?
• Which root means 'bacteria'?
• Ven/o is a combining form for which structure?
• Syphilis is best described as
• How is the Gleason score determined?
• What is the most effective initial pharmacologic therapy for bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms due to BPH with minimal side effects?
• Calcium oxalate stones are most associated with which risk factors?
• The combining form glomerul/o refers to which structure?
• Which statement best describes the acute management of hyperkalemia in a patient with CKD presenting with ECG changes?
• The combining form nephr/o denotes which organ?
• How do 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors help in BPH and when is the expected improvement?
• Which description correctly characterizes autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?
• In suspected RCC, what enhancement pattern on contrast-enhanced CT is typical?
• Which antibiotic options are considered short-course therapy for uncomplicated cystitis?
• Which condition is an inherited kidney disorder characterized by numerous cysts that can lead to kidney failure?
• Which root means 'genitals'?
• Which symptom is commonly associated with UTIs?
• The combining form prostat/o denotes which gland?
• Which medication is a prototypical PDE5 inhibitor commonly used for erectile dysfunction?
• Which structure is denoted by the combining form balan/o?
• What is the most common histologic type of bladder cancer?
• Varic/o refers to which vascular condition?
• Inherited kidney disease characterized by multiple cysts throughout kidney tissue, leading to kidney failure is known as?
• Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by a herpesvirus and typically presents with blister-like lesions on the genitals?
• Which combining form means 'prostate gland'?
• Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is used for what purpose?
• Which root means 'nitrogen waste'?
• Which root means 'seminal vesicle'?
• The combining form noct/i denotes which of the following?
• Which imaging study involves filling the bladder with contrast and taking X-rays during voiding to assess the urethra and bladder?
• Hydrocele refers to which condition?
• Which imaging study visualizes the urinary tract by injecting contrast through the urethra?
• Which imaging modality is the safest option for evaluating hydronephrosis during pregnancy?
• Evaluation of semen for fertility, including sperm count, swimming strength, and shape, and used to determine whether a vasectomy has been successful?
• Gleason scoring system is used for what purpose and how is the score interpreted?
• Replacement of a diseased kidney by a donor kidney is called?
• Which term is defined as the stone formed within an organ?
• Which root refers to the protein albumin?
• What is the first-line management for asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic hyponatremia due to SIADH?
• Struvite stones form in the setting of infection with which organisms and alkaline urine?
• Urgency is defined as
• Which term describes the condition of feeling the urge to urinate more often than normal but without an increase in urine volume?
• Which bacterial sexually transmitted infection usually affects mucous membranes?
• What is the primary purpose of urine culture and sensitivity (C&S) testing?
• Which prefix means renal pelvis?
• Which statement is true about the roots hem/o and hemat/o?
• What is the standard short-course therapy for uncomplicated cystitis in nonpregnant women?
• Which imaging modality is preferred for initial evaluation of suspected nephrolithiasis in a nonpregnant adult?
• What is the first-line medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral stones and its mechanism?
• What are the two main modalities of dialysis and a key disadvantage of peritoneal dialysis?
• The combining form epididym/o refers to which structure?
• Which antibiotic is preferred for acute cystitis in pregnancy and what precaution is taken?
• Which term means increased formation and secretion of urine?
• The lab test that involves growing bacteria and testing antibiotics is:
• Which electrolyte disturbance is particularly dangerous in rhabdomyolysis and can contribute to AKI?
• Which procedure involves transplanting a donor kidney to replace a diseased kidney?
• Which root means 'life'?
• What is the classic triad of symptoms for renal cell carcinoma?
• Which prefix means urine?
• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is an X-ray of the kidney following injection of dye into the vein to visualize the renal pelvis as the kidney filters dye out of the bloodstream and puts it into urine.
• What initial tests assess suspected bladder outlet obstruction in men with LUTS?
• Which term describes a medication used to increase the production and secretion of urine and thereby decreases amount of water in the body; treatment for kidney failure, edema, heart failure, and hypertension?
• Testicular cancer most commonly occurs in men aged
• Which term describes the midstream urine collection procedure?
• Which root means 'albumin'?
• Which tumor marker is commonly associated with seminoma and used in follow-up?
• What is the standard initial antibiotic therapy for acute bacterial prostatitis in otherwise healthy men?
• What distinguishes stress urinary incontinence from urge urinary incontinence?
• In adults with gross painless hematuria, what is the recommended initial evaluation?
• Rect/o denotes which body structure?
• In CKD-associated mineral bone disorder, which laboratory abnormalities drive secondary hyperparathyroidism?
• Hydr/o in medical terms refers to which substance?
• The combining form py/o refers to which substance?
• Which prefix means kidney?
• Which term is used for a screening test measuring a prostate-specific protein to assess prostate cancer risk?
• An antibiotic is defined as which of the following?
• The prefix urethr/o is associated with which structure?
• Which condition is characterized by dilation of scrotal veins?
• Which term refers to the surgical removal of the prepuce of the penis?
• What is the term for the state of difficulty initiating the flow of urine, often due to a blockage such as benign prostatic hyperplasia?
• Which combination is most effective for reducing the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy?
• Which statement correctly pairs AKI type with typical FeNa?
• Which combining form means 'epididymis'?
• What is a common complication associated with peritoneal dialysis?
• Which statement best defines a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
• Which procedure is considered definitive treatment for urethral stricture?
• Which term denotes a contagious sexually transmitted disease traditionally known as a venereal disease?
• Sterility is defined as
• What is the most common cause of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women?
• Which pharmacologic approach helps prevent calcium stone recurrence in patients with hypercalciuria?
• Which prefix denotes ureter?
• Which prefix denotes semen?
• What are the classic indications for initiating dialysis in CKD?
• Which stone type occurs in acidic urine and is linked to high purine intake?
• Which is the first-line step in managing hyperkalemia with ECG changes in CKD?
• Which term describes noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland?
• The combining form orch/o refers to which organ?
• For large-volume BPH, which surgical option provides enucleation with complete tissue removal and is able to treat very large glands?
• What term refers to a stone formed within an organ, commonly found in kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra?
• Which term means increased formation of urine?
• Varicocele is the dilation of which vessels?
• What is the preferred first-line treatment for erectile dysfunction in men without contraindications to PDE5 inhibitors?
• What does the prefix pyel/o denote?
• What is the emergency management for testicular torsion?
• Which stone type occurs in acidic urine and is often associated with high purine intake?
• Hypospadias is a congenital malformation of the penis with the urethra opening on the underside of the penis.
• In CKD with secondary hyperparathyroidism, which change in vitamin D metabolism is typically observed?
• Which root means 'nitrogen waste'?
• What is the initial management approach for overflow incontinence due to detrusor underactivity?
• The prefix sperm/o denotes which of the following?
• Hemat/o denotes which of the following?
• What is the mechanism behind erectile dysfunction in diabetes?
• Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is characterized by what symptom profile and typical urine cultures?
• Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is best described as
• Which root means 'glucose, sugar'?
• The prefix semin/i denotes which of the following?
• Which root means 'hidden'?
• Varicocele is described as:
• Which sexually transmitted disease is highly infectious and causes blister-like lesions on the genitalia?
• What are the core diagnostic criteria for nephrotic syndrome?
• Which combining form refers to a dilated vein?
• Which prefix corresponds to kidney?
• Which congenital malformation results in the urethral opening on the underside of the penis?
• Which term refers to the treatment using external energy to break up stones in the urinary system?
• In intrinsic AKI due to acute tubular necrosis, which combination of urine sediment findings and FeNa is typical?
• Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is frequently associated with mutation of which gene?
• Trichomoniasis is caused by
• In diabetic patients, what bladder dysfunction may result from autonomic neuropathy?
• The primary purpose of urinary catheterization is to
• Which prefix denotes testis?
• What is the blood test used to screen for prostate cancer?
• Which root means 'seminal vesicle'?
• Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is described as
• Syphilis, if left untreated, can spread from the initial ulcer to which system causing death years later?
• Testicular cancer most commonly occurs in men within which age range?
• Which combining form means night?
• Urinary incontinence is defined as
• Which CT feature would most strongly support a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma in a renal mass?
• What is the recommended duration of therapy for acute bacterial prostatitis with antibiotics in otherwise healthy adults?
• Which term describes the inability to achieve erection of the penis for coitus?
• Diabetic autonomic neuropathy commonly causes what type of bladder dysfunction?
• Which combining form means 'glomerulus'?
• Which prefix means kidney?
• In rhabdomyolysis, which mechanism leads to AKI?
• What term describes the procedure for obtaining a urine sample after cleaning off the urethral meatus and catching urine in midstream to minimize contamination?
• During surgical detorsion for testicular torsion, what additional step is usually performed to prevent future torsion on the opposite side?
• Which mineral abnormalities drive secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease?
• Which root means 'vas deferens'?
• The combining form orchi/o refers to which organ?
• Which root means 'body'?
• Which term is the standard blood test used to assess kidney function by measuring nitrogenous waste in the blood?
• In prerenal acute kidney injury, which of the following best describes the typical BUN: Creatinine ratio and urine sodium?
• X-ray of the urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis after dye is inserted through the urethra is called?
• In dialysis, what does Kt/V measure and what is the typical target per hemodialysis session?
• Urine culture and sensitivity (C&S) results help guide therapy by:
• Which of the following is a classic indication for dialysis initiation?
• What term refers to a common, slow-growing cancer of the prostate gland in men over 50, often detected with PSA testing?
• Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) is best described as which procedure?
• Besides hCG, which marker can be positive in seminoma?
• Which prefix denotes semen?
• Orchiopexy is performed to correct which condition?
• Contagious disease acquired through sexual contact; formerly referred to as venereal disease?
• Which bacterial sexually transmitted disease usually affects mucous membranes?
• Which term corresponds to a direct examination for the presence of an enlarged prostate gland performed by palpating the prostate through the rectal wall?
• In evaluating a suspected RCC, what CT feature suggests a malignant mass?
• What is the most common cause of anemia in chronic kidney disease, and what therapy addresses it?
• What is the most important risk factor for bladder cancer?
• Which imaging modality is used to evaluate suspected urothelial cancer in gross painless hematuria?
• Which test helps determine the antibiotic to treat a urinary infection?
• Which of the following statements best describes VCUG?
• Which genetic disorder predisposes to bilateral renal cysts and early-onset hypertension?
• The combining form hydr/o refers to which substance?
• What is the treatment for renal failure that uses an artificial kidney machine to filter waste from the blood?
• The combining form cyst/o denotes which anatomical structure?
• Which term denotes a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethra is on the upper surface of the penis?
• Which option represents definitive treatment for urethral stricture?
• Inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood and/or produce urine is termed?
• A patient with fever and burning urination should be suspected of:
• Urinalysis (UA) is best described as
• Which imaging test uses intravenously injected dye to visualize the kidneys and urinary tract?
• What is the major lifestyle risk factor for renal cell carcinoma?
• What is the hallmark feature of nephritic syndrome?
• The combining form orchid/o denotes which structure?
• Varicocele is defined as which of the following?